Central Asian Scientific Press (CAS Press)Central Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovation2783-09932220220401The role of hyperuricemia in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia374514429910.22034/CAJMPSI.2022.02.01ENQassim Hassan Aubais AljelehawyDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technique, The Islamic University, Diwaniya, Iraq Department of Research and Studies, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq0000-0002-3930-1906Marwa Rahii Abed Almonem AlftlawyDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technique, The Islamic University, Diwaniya, IraqDepartment of Research and Studies, The Islamic University, Najaf, IraqHateme AlaviDepartment of Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran0000-0003-2133-2867Journal Article20220131Preeclampsia (PE) is a human pregnancy disorder that begins with high blood pressure. This disorder occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy and is defined by the high pressure of blood and proteinuria symptoms. Also, PE is recognized as a multifactorial disease that causes damage to some systemic organs including the lungs, brain, kidneys and liver. In some cases, high blood pressure might happen without proteinuria but includes complications including acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and fetal growth limitations. Hyperuricemia is known as a serum urate concentration of more than 6.8 mg/dL. Uric acid, which is mainly synthesized in the liver, is released into the bloodstream, only a small percentage of which binds to proteins. Thus, most circulating urate is readily available for filtration in the glomerulus and for participation in a number of complex renal mechanisms. Uric acid amounts in non-pregnant women usually range from 0.3 up to 6.0 mg/dL. Surprisingly, the levels of uric acid in pregnant women up to the twentieth week of pregnancy are 20 to 25 percent lower than in non-pregnant women. This reduction in levels of uric acid in the first trimester is due to hemodilution because of increased blood levels due to elevated filtration rate of glomeruli and decreased proximal tubular reabsorption. Uric acid is an identified biomarker for oxidative stress, kidney damage, and placental ischemia. Specifically, these are also the properties of PE. However, uric acid is sometimes referred to as a biomarker of PE. Elevated levels of serum uric acid in PE vs. usual pregnancies have been shown and recommend levels of serum uric acid as a risk indicator for progression of PE. According to the above discussion, the objective of this study was to review the role of hyperuricemia in the pathophysiology of PE. As a conclusion, PE is specified by hyperuricemia and signs of elevated creation of ROS and reduced antioxidants levels. There are GCKR, PDZK1, LRP2, ABCG2, SLC2A9, SLC17A1, LRRC16, SLC22A12, SLC17A3, SLC22A11, and SF1 genes involved in the uric acid transport that may contribute in the hyperuricemia during PE and Alterations in the function of these genes might increase the risk of this disease.Central Asian Scientific Press (CAS Press)Central Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovation2783-09932220220401Description of the characteristics, epidemiology, diagnosis, and risk factors of presbycusis disorder465614534310.22034/CAJMPSI.2022.02.02ENAyca TasDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey0000-0002-7132-1325Journal Article20220131Presbycusis is one of the most important and common diseases associated with aging. This disease is a symmetrical, irreversible and progressive bilateral disease of the cochlea. Complications of presbycusis include perceptual disorders such as tinnitus and hyperacusis. Methods for diagnosing this disease include signal-to-noise ratio, pure tone audiometry, and self-assessment. Many risk factors are involved in the development of presbycusis, which are divided into two categories: Environmental factors and genetic factors. Environmental risk factors include noise and external factors that influence lifestyle and diet. Individual health factors that are also involved in this disease include underlying diseases, ototoxic medications, and aging. Another group of risk factors involved in obesity are genetic factors. Genetic risk factors include abnormalities in genes involved in cochlear and mitochondrial genome function. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of presbycusis and the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and risk factors for this disease.Central Asian Scientific Press (CAS Press)Central Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovation2783-09932220220401Influence of rs1800172 common gene variation on the structure and function of potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1576514692010.22034/CAJMPSI.2022.02.03ENAhmed Diyar HusseinAl-RâwanduziDepartment of Medical Researches, Cicilav Medical Facilities, Brayati, Erbil, IraqDepartment of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq0000-0001-9085Salar AdnanAhmedDepartment of Medical Researches, Cicilav Medical Facilities, Brayati, Erbil, IraqDepartment of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq0000-0001-5826-5368Journal Article20220201The proper functioning of ion channels is essential for cell survival. One of the important ion channels is potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ), which consists of five genes whose main gene is KCNQ1 and encodes the voltage-gated potassium channel required for the phase of repolarization. KCNQ1 is mainly expressed in the heart muscle, inner ear, stomach, lungs, kidneys, intestines, and pancreas. This channel is essential for the proper functioning of cells in some organs of the body, including the heart and stomach. Thus, mutations and polymorphisms in this gene can alter the risk of some diseases, such as long QT syndrome and gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rs1800172 exon polymorphism on the function of the KCNQ1 gene using a bioinformatics approach. The ProtParam server was used to evaluate the primary structure of the protein. The PredictProtein server was used to investigate the effect of mutations on the secondary structure of the protein. Polyphen2 and SNAP2 servers were used to evaluate the effect of rs1800172 variety on overall protein structure and function. RNAsnp online software was used to investigate the effect of mutation on mRNA structure. Our study showed that rs1800172 polymorphism affects the primary and secondary structure of proteins. But this genetic variety did not affect mRNA structure. Investigation of the effect of KCNQ1 gene mutations including rs1800172 can be effective in identifying the pathological mechanisms of KCNQ1.Central Asian Scientific Press (CAS Press)Central Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovation2783-09932220220401Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in age-related hearing loss with focusing on oxidative stress667514692110.22034/CAJMPSI.2022.02.04ENSalar AdnanAhmedDepartment of Medical Researches, Cicilav Medical Facilities, Brayati, Erbil, IraqDepartment of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq0000-0001-5826-5368Ahmed Diyar HusseinAl-RâwanduziDepartment of Medical Researches, Cicilav Medical Facilities, Brayati, Erbil, IraqDepartment of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq0000-0001-9085Journal Article20220201Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a type of bilateral hearing loss that progresses from low frequencies to high frequencies with age. This disorder is classified as a multifactorial disease. Factors involved in ARHL pathology are divided into two categories of genetic and non-genetic factors. The genes involved in this disorder include three categories of genes involved in cochlear structure and function, genes correlated with oxidative stress, and mitochondrial-dependent genes. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation are the three main causes of ARHL. Damage to hair cells induces intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis and can therefore accelerate ARHL. Some process in cells leads to the production of high amounts of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), anion superoxide (O<sup>2-</sup>), and hydroxyl radical (OH). Reactive oxygen species or ROS can generally have several sources including nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase, microsomal, mitochondrial, and proxisomal pathways. In typical conditions, ROS is produced and neutralized by antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, balancing cell homeostasis. Though, the process of aging, drug treatment, and some other factors upset this homeostasis, and this causes oxidative stress and induction of ARHL in the cells of the auditory system. The aim of this study was to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ARHL with a focus on oxidative stress.